WAEC Geography (OBJ & Essay) Questions and Answers 2026
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Objective Answers (OBJ)
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GEOGRAPHY 01-10: BBADBBDDCC 11-20: CCDABBDCBC 21-30: DBBDABBDCB 31-40: ADDBBACBAB 41-50: DCCCDCBDCB COMPLETED BY EXAMGROUP.NET *WAEC GEOGRAPHY (PAPER 2 – ESSAY)* *COMPLETE ANSWERS – SECTION A & B (Q1 TO Q6)* =========================================================== SECTION A: ECONOMIC AND HUMAN GEOGRAPHY =========================================================== QUESTION 1 (a) What is favourable balance of trade? (2 marks) Favourable balance of trade occurs when the total value of a country's exports (goods sold to other countries) is greater than the total value of its imports (goods bought from other countries). It is also called a trade surplus. (b) Outline five factors which hinder high volume of trade among countries in Tropical Africa (10 marks) 1. Poor transportation networks – bad roads, railways, and lack of efficient ports make moving goods across borders difficult and expensive. 2. Similarity of products – many Tropical African countries produce the same primary products (e.g., cocoa, coffee, palm oil), so there is little need to trade with each other. 3. Currency inconvertibility – many countries have weak currencies that are not easily exchanged, making international payments difficult. 4. High tariff barriers and customs restrictions – some countries impose high import duties to protect local industries, reducing trade. 5. Political instability and conflicts – wars and civil unrest disrupt trade routes and scare away potential trading partners. (c) Identify four advantages of favourable balance of trade in Tropical African countries (8 marks) 1. Increased foreign exchange earnings – the country earns more foreign currency (e.g., dollars, euros), which can be used to pay debts and buy essential imports. 2. Economic growth – high export volumes stimulate production, create jobs, and increase national income (GDP). 3. Strengthening of local currency – a trade surplus increases demand for the local currency, improving its value against foreign currencies. 4. Ability to import capital goods – earnings from exports can be used to buy machinery, technology, and industrial equipment needed for development. =========================================================== QUESTION 2 (a) Identify five ways in which rural settlements depend on urban settlements in developing countries (10 marks) 1. Market for agricultural produce – rural farmers sell their crops and livestock in urban markets. 2. Access to healthcare – rural dwellers travel to cities for specialist doctors, hospitals, and medical equipment not available in villages. 3. Educational facilities – secondary schools, universities, and vocational training centres are mostly located in urban areas. 4. Employment opportunities – many rural people migrate to cities to find paid jobs in industries, offices, and services. 5. Manufactured goods – rural areas depend on urban industries for items such as farm tools, building materials, clothing, and electronics. (b) Highlight five characteristics of rural settlements in developing countries (10 marks) 1. Small population size – villages typically have few hundred to a few thousand people. 2. Primary economic activities – most inhabitants engage in farming, fishing, lumbering, or mining. 3. Poor infrastructure – roads are often unpaved, electricity and pipe-borne water are irregular or absent. 4. Strong kinship and community ties – people are often related by blood or marriage, and communal decision-making is common. 5. Low population density – houses are spread out with large spaces between them, unlike crowded urban areas. COMPLETED BY EXAMGROUP.NET✅✅✅ https://t.me/freewassceditto *REACT, SHARE AND FORWARD TO EVERYONE ❤️🔥* FOR WAEC EXPO 24HRS BEFORE EXAM, MESSAGE ME ON TELEGRAM👇👇: https://t.me/Officialkingjay1 JOIN OUR VIP CHANNEL 👇🏻👇🏻 https://t.me/allexamexporunz https://t.me/jambvip JOIN OUR VIP CHANNEL 👇🏻👇🏻 https://t.me/examgroupng =========================================================== QUESTION 3 (a) What is forced migration? (2 marks) Forced migration is the involuntary movement of people from their homes due to threats such as war, civil conflict, natural disasters, political persecution, or ethnic cleansing. Refugees are victims of forced migration. (b) Identify four problems that migrants from developing countries face in developed countries (8 marks) 1. Discrimination and xenophobia – they may face hostility, racism, or unfair treatment from locals. 2. Legal and documentation problems – lack of proper visas, work permits, or asylum papers can lead to detention or deportation. 3. Language barrier – inability to speak the local language makes it hard to find jobs, access services, or socialize. 4. Exploitation by employers – some migrants are paid below minimum wage, forced to work long hours, or denied basic rights. (c) Outline five benefits of migration to the destination regions in Tropical Africa (10 marks) 1. Supply of labour – migrants fill labour shortages in agriculture, construction, mining, and domestic work. 2. Cultural diversity – migrants bring new ideas, foods, music, and skills that enrich local culture. 3. Increased demand for goods and services – more people mean more customers for local businesses, boosting the economy. 4. Remittances – migrants send money back home, but they also spend money in the destination region, stimulating trade. 5. Transfer of skills – migrants bring skills and knowledge that can be shared with local workers. =========================================================== SECTION B: REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY OF NIGERIA =========================================================== QUESTION 4 (a) Draw an outline map of Nigeria. On the map, show and name: (i) one area noted for local craft industries – e.g., Oyo town (for batik and traditional weaving) or Benin City (for bronze and brass work) or Kano (for leather works and dye pits). (ii) Kano – in the north-western part of Nigeria, north of Kaduna state. (Draw the map in your answer booklet. Show Nigeria's outline, mark Kano city, and mark one craft area such as Oyo or Benin or Kano itself.) (b) Explain four characteristics of local craft industries in Nigeria (10 marks) 1. Small-scale operations – they are run by individuals, families, or small groups, not large factories. 2. Use of local raw materials – craftsmen use materials found locally, such as clay, wood, raffia, leather, or cotton. 3. Traditional tools and techniques – production relies on hand tools (looms, carving knives, dye pits) rather than machines. 4. Skills passed through apprenticeship – knowledge and techniques are passed from master craftsmen to younger learners, often within families. (c) Outline four economic benefits of local craft industries in Nigeria (6 marks) 1. Employment generation – they provide jobs for artisans, apprentices, and traders in both rural and urban areas. 2. Foreign exchange earnings – crafts such as leather works, beadwork, and carved items are exported to other countries. 3. Tourism attraction – local crafts attract both domestic and international tourists who buy souvenirs. 4. Poverty reduction – income from crafts supplements earnings from farming or other activities, raising living standards. =========================================================== QUESTION 5 (a) What is plantation agriculture? (2 marks) Plantation agriculture is a large-scale commercial farming system where a single crop (cash crop) is grown on a large estate using specialized labour and machinery, often for export. (b) Outline five characteristics of plantation agriculture in Nigeria (10 marks) 1. Large land area – plantations cover hundreds or thousands of hectares of land. 2. Single crop (monoculture) – they grow only one type of crop, such as oil palm, rubber, cocoa, or tea. 3. Capital-intensive – heavy machinery and modern equipment are used for planting, spraying, and harvesting. 4. Hired labour – workers are employed, often in large numbers, and live on or near the plantation. 5. Processing on site – many plantations have their own processing factories (e.g., palm oil mills, rubber processing plants). (c) Identify four problems faced by farmers who practise plantation agriculture in Nigeria (8 marks) 1. High initial capital requirement – establishing a plantation is very expensive, requiring land clearing, planting, machinery, and labour. 2. Pest and disease outbreaks – monoculture makes crops vulnerable to widespread attacks by pests and diseases. 3. Fluctuating world market prices – prices of cash crops like cocoa and rubber change unpredictably, affecting income. 4. Land tenure disputes – plantations require large land holdings, which often leads to conflicts with local communities. =========================================================== QUESTION 6 (a) Draw an outline map of Nigeria. On the map, locate and name: (i) one major source region noted for rural-urban migration – e.g., South-Eastern Nigeria (states like Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Imo) or North-Eastern Nigeria (villages in Borno, Adamawa, Taraba). (ii) one major town in 6(a)(i) – for South-Eastern source region: Onitsha or Enugu or Aba; for North-Eastern source region: Maiduguri or Yola. (Draw the map in your answer booklet.) (b) Highlight five problems created in urban centres in Nigeria as a result of population growth (10 marks) 1. Overcrowded housing (slums) – rapid in-migration leads to inadequate housing, resulting in shanty towns and congested living conditions. 2. Strain on infrastructure – roads, water supply, electricity, and sewage systems become overstretched and frequently break down. 3. High unemployment – the number of job seekers exceeds available jobs, leading to poverty and crime. 4. Traffic congestion – too many vehicles on poorly designed roads cause long delays and pollution. 5. Increased environmental pollution – more people generate more solid waste, sewage, air pollution from vehicles, and noise pollution. (c) Outline three factors which account for the low population in rural areas in Nigeria (6 marks) 1. Rural-urban migration – young and able-bodied people leave villages to seek jobs, education, and better services in cities. 2. Lack of social amenities – rural areas often lack electricity, pipe-borne water, good schools, and hospitals, making life unattractive. 3. Dependence on subsistence agriculture – limited economic opportunities and low incomes push people to move to urban centres. =========================================================== END OF ANSWERS – QUESTIONS 1 TO 6 =========================================================== INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE EXAM Total questions to answer: FOUR (4) Section A (Economic and Human Geography) – Choose any TWO from Q1, Q2, Q3 Section B (Regional Geography of Nigeria) – Choose any TWO from Q4, Q5, Q6 All questions carry equal marks (20 marks each) Total marks = 80 marks
