NECO Biology (OBJ & Essay) Questions and Answers 2026

*NECO BIOLOGY OBJECTIVE* 1–10: A E C B A A C A D D 11–20: E C B D E B C D E C 21–30: C A B B A D E B B A 31–40: A D C E D D A C B B 41–50: C D C B E B E D A E 51–60: A A A E B D D B B B *Use THIS IF URS IS RESHUFFLED 👇👇* 1. A – Contractile vacuole is osmoregulatory (regulates water balance). 2. E – Commensalism: one benefits, other neither benefits nor is harmed. 3. C – Back of tongue is sensitive to bitter taste. 4. B – Ribosome is responsible for protein synthesis. 5. A – Jelly fish is an invertebrate (no backbone). 6. A – Trophic level = position occupied by organism in food chain. 7. C – Gaseous exchange in plants occurs through stomata. 8. A – Chlorophyll traps sunlight energy during photosynthesis. 9. D – Vitamin K deficiency causes excessive bleeding (clotting problems). 10. D – Red blood cell = erythrocyte. 11. E – Middle ear cavity is filled with air. 12. C – Muscles are attached to bones by tendons. 13. B – Nitrogen is a macro element (needed in large amounts). 14. D – Homeostasis = maintaining constant internal environment. 15. E – Irritability = response to external stimuli. 16. B – Hepatitis is a disease of the liver. 17. C – Symbiosis (mutualism) = both organisms benefit. 18. D – Movement of ears is physiological variation, not morphological. 19. E – Klinostat demonstrates geotropism (gravity response). 20. C – Pituitary is "master gland" because it has numerous secretions (controls other glands). 21. C – Mitochondrion produces energy (ATP). 22. A – Optic nerves transmit messages from eye to brain. 23. B – Dog has homodont dentition (all teeth similar in shape). 24. B – Adrenalin is the emergency hormone. 25. A – 0.5 pm (?) — Likely referring to goat. 26. D – Parasitism: one benefits, other is harmed. 27. E – Cocoa is a perennial plant, not annual. 28. B – Sweep net is for capturing ground-dwelling insects. 29. B – Vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy. 30. A – Stage shown in figure is anaphase (chromatids separating). 31. A – Part I (mitochondrion) = energy production. 32. D – Part I is centromere (joining point of chromatids). 33. C – Coconut is a drupe (fleshy fruit with hard stone/seed). 34. E – Insulin deficiency causes diabetes. 35. D – Cyclosis in ciliated protozoan is a form of nutrition (cytoplasmic streaming for food distribution). 36. D – Patella (kneecap) is found in the knee. 37. A – Toad exhibits cutaneous gaseous exchange (through skin). 38. C – Rabies is transmitted through saliva of infected vector (dog/animal bite). 39. B – Anus is the terminal portion of alimentary canal. 40. B – Documentation is not a scientific method of investigation (it's recording results). 41. C – Figure shows pupa stage of mosquito. 42. D – Part III is used for flying (wings). 43. C – Part I (in mosquito larva) is tracheal gill. 44. B – Same species living together in same habitat = population. 45. E – Skin colour is continuous variation, not discontinuous. 46. B – Dendrite receives impulses from other cells. 47. E – Rat exhibits parental care (mammals). 48. D – Species = organisms that interbreed to produce fertile offspring. 49. A – Ink spreading in water = diffusion. 50. E – Secchi disc measures turbidity (water clarity). 51. A – Variation = differences in height and colour within same species. 52. A – Malaria causative organism is protozoan (Plasmodium). 53. A – Pyralin (ptyalin/salivary amylase) digests starch. 54. E – Pancreas is a hormonal gland (produces insulin and glucagon). 55. B – Translocation of food occurs through phloem. 56. D – Nervous system = central nervous system + peripheral nervous system. 57. D – Lipids in animals are stored as glycogen 58. B – Cerebrum controls voluntary actions. 59. B – Chromosomes arrive at center during metaphase. 60. B – Mosquito is vector of Plasmodium falciparum (malaria). *TAKE NOTE QUESTIONS ARE RESHUFFLED.... ❤️🔥* *NECO 2026 ACTUAL BIOLOGY (PAPER II – ESSAY)* *COMPLETE ANSWERS – QUESTIONS 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5* =========================================================== QUESTION 1 =========================================================== (a)(i) Define tolerance (2 marks) Tolerance is the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce successfully under a range of environmental conditions, such as temperature, pH, salinity, and moisture. It is the range of conditions within which an organism can function properly. (a)(ii) Name four materials transported by the blood (4 marks) 1. Oxygen 2. Carbon dioxide 3. Nutrients (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol) 4. Hormones (Also acceptable: Waste products like urea, antibodies, heat) (b) State four stages of mitotic division in sequential order (4 marks) 1. Prophase – Chromosomes condense and become visible; the nuclear membrane begins to break down; spindle fibres start to form. 2. Metaphase – Chromosomes line up along the equator (metaphase plate) of the cell, attached to spindle fibres at their centromeres. 3. Anaphase – Centromeres split and sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell by shortening spindle fibres. 4. Telophase – Chromosomes reach the poles and decondense; the nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes; cytokinesis begins. (c) Describe five behavioural adaptations of termites which enable them to survive in their environment (10 marks) 1. Social organization – Termites live in highly organized colonies with a division of labour. The queen lays eggs, workers collect food and build the nest, soldiers defend the colony, and males (kings) help in reproduction. 2. Building of mud tubes or galleries – Termites construct protective tunnels from the nest to food sources, which protects them from predators and prevents desiccation (drying out). 3. Feeding on cellulose – Termites have symbiotic microorganisms (protozoa and bacteria) in their gut that digest cellulose, allowing them to obtain nutrients from wood and plant material that most other animals cannot digest. 4. Thermoregulation – Termites build mounds with ventilation systems that regulate temperature and humidity, creating a stable internal environment for the colony. 5. Reproductive strategies – Termites produce winged reproductives (alates) that fly out during swarming to establish new colonies, ensuring dispersal and survival of the species. =========================================================== QUESTION 2 =========================================================== (a)(i) List five excretory organs found in living organisms (5 marks) 1. Kidney 2. Skin 3. Lungs 4. Liver 5. Malpighian tubules (a)(ii) Give one example of an organism in which each type is found (5 marks) 1. Kidney – Found in mammals (e.g., human, rat, rabbit, goat) 2. Skin – Found in mammals (e.g., human, dog, cat) and amphibians 3. Lungs – Found in mammals (e.g., human), birds, and reptiles 4. Liver – Found in all vertebrates (e.g., human, fish, bird) 5. Malpighian tubules – Found in insects (e.g., cockroach, grasshopper) (b)(i) State two ways in which the excretory organs of earthworm is similar to that of mammals (2 marks) 1. Both earthworms and mammals have organs that filter nitrogenous waste from body fluid (blood in mammals, coelomic fluid in earthworms). 2. Both excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of urea (earthworms are ureotelic; mammals also excrete urea). (b)(ii) Give three differences between excretory organs of earthworm and mammals (3 marks) 1. Earthworms have nephridia as excretory organs, while mammals have kidneys. 2. Nephridia excrete waste directly into the coelom and out through pores, while kidneys excrete waste through the ureter and urinary bladder. 3. Earthworms excrete mainly urea and water, while mammals excrete urea, uric acid, and creatinine in urine. (c) Describe the mechanisms of opening and closing of stomata (5 marks) Stomata are pores on the epidermis of leaves surrounded by two guard cells. Their opening and closing is controlled by changes in turgor pressure of the guard cells. During the day, when photosynthesis occurs, guard cells take up potassium ions (K⁺) and water enters by osmosis, causing them to become turgid and swell. The thin outer walls stretch more than the thick inner walls, causing the guard cells to bend and open the stomatal pore. At night, when photosynthesis stops, potassium ions are pumped out of the guard cells and water leaves by osmosis. The guard cells become flaccid and less curved, causing the stomatal pore to close. =========================================================== QUESTION 3 =========================================================== (a)(i) Mention three properties of enzymes (3 marks) 1. Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being used up. 2. They are highly specific to the reactions they act on (each enzyme acts on a specific substrate). 3. They work best at a particular (optimum) temperature and pH. (a)(ii) State the function of the following parts of the eye (3 marks) · Pupil – Regulates the amount of light entering the eye by dilating or constricting. · Conjunctiva – Protects the front of the eye by secreting mucus and tears to keep it moist and lubricated. · Cornea – Refracts (bends) light rays entering the eye and focuses them onto the lens. (b) Define the following terms (4 marks) (i) Swarming Swarming is a behaviour in which a large number of organisms (especially insects) gather together and move en masse, often for the purpose of reproduction, migration, or colony establishment. (ii) Epidemic An epidemic is the rapid and widespread outbreak of a disease affecting a large number of people within a population or community at the same time. (c)(i) Define parthenocarpy (2 marks) Parthenocarpy is the development of fruits without fertilization and without the formation of seeds. The fruits are seedless. (c)(ii) List two birth control methods (2 marks) 1. Use of condoms (barrier method) 2. Use of birth control pills (oral contraceptives) – also acceptable: IUD, vasectomy, tubal ligation =========================================================== QUESTION 4 =========================================================== (b)(i) In a tabular form, state three differences between transpiration and excretion (6 marks) Transpiration Excretion 1. Occurs only in plants. 1. Occurs in both plants and animals. 2. Involves loss of water vapour from plant surfaces (mainly leaves). 2. Involves removal of metabolic waste products (urea, uric acid, ammonia). 3. Is mainly a physical process. 3. Is mainly a physiological process. 4. Helps in cooling and transport of minerals. 4. Helps in removal of harmful substances from the body. (b)(ii) State two places where ball and socket joint are found in the body (2 marks) 1. Shoulder joint (between the humerus and scapula) 2. Hip joint (between the femur and pelvic girdle) (c) Draw a well-labelled diagram (8 – 10 cm long) of a plant cell (8 marks) In your answer booklet, draw a typical plant cell showing the following: · Cell wall (outermost layer, rectangular shape) · Cell membrane (plasma membrane) · Nucleus with nucleolus · Cytoplasm · Chloroplasts (green oval structures) · Vacuole (large central vacuole) · Mitochondria · Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth) · Golgi apparatus Label all parts clearly with straight lines. =========================================================== QUESTION 5 =========================================================== (a)(i) In a tabular form, state three differences between root and stem (6 marks) Root Stem 1. Grows downward (positively geotropic). 1. Grows upward (negatively geotropic). 2. Does not bear leaves, buds, or flowers. 2. Bears leaves, buds, and flowers. 3. Has root hairs for absorption. 3. Has no root hairs. 4. Has no nodes and internodes. 4. Has nodes and internodes. (a)(ii) State three characteristics of a lumber vertebrate (3 marks) 1. It has a backbone (vertebral column) made of individual vertebrae. 2. It has a well-developed internal skeleton. 3. It has a ventral heart and a closed circulatory system. (b)(i) Mention three types of supporting tissues in plants (3 marks) 1. Collenchyma 2. Sclerenchyma 3. Xylem (b)(ii) Define the following terms (6 marks) · Haemophilia – A sex-linked genetic disorder in which the blood does not clot properly due to a deficiency of clotting factors. It is caused by a recessive gene on the X chromosome. · Mutation – A sudden, heritable change in the genetic material (DNA) of an organism. It can occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. · Sex-linked character – A trait that is determined by a gene located on a sex chromosome (usually the X chromosome). Examples include haemophilia and colour blindness. (c)(i) List three types of farming (3 marks) 1. Subsistence farming (small-scale farming for family consumption) 2. Commercial farming (large-scale farming for sale and profit) 3. Mixed farming (combining crop cultivation and livestock rearing) (c)(ii) Mention two methods of food preservation (2 marks) 1. Refrigeration or freezing 2. Salting or drying (also acceptable: Canning, Smoking, Pickling) =========================================================== *END OF ANSWERS – QUESTIONS 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5* =======================